Computed Tomography
Computed tomography is an advanced diagnostic method which works with X-radiation and is usually applied when a certain part of the body or a limb has to be examined more closely.
For example, CT examination can be helpful in horses where the area causing lameness has been identified using nerve blocks, but a diagnosis could not be reached on clinical examination, normal X-rays and ultrasonography. The head is also an area where an exact diagnosis is often only possible after imaging of the anatomical structures without superimposition during computed tomography.
Contrary to conventional radiography, X-rays are not projected onto radiographic film during computed tomography but are collected by a detector which measures radiation with a much higher sensitivity than film. Due to rotation of the X-ray tube and detector system on a plane vertical to the longitudinal axis of the examined body part, horizontal tomographic images of the examined area are created. The thickness of slices can be varied and may be reduced down to a minimum of two millimetres. This allows for very detailed images where no superimpositions of anatomical structures impede assessment. Furthermore, both bone and soft tissue structures can be imaged and differentiated in detail. Various shades of grey in the computer tomographic image represent varying density of tissues. The density of separate structures can be measured objectively on the computer, thus enabling the analysis of suspicious findings and identification of tissues and organs. With the aid of CT images, it is possible to accurately localise pathological structures and to thus allow better planning of surgical procedures, for example in horses with purulent teeth or maxillary sinuses or in dogs with loose bone fragments in joints.
For CT examination, the patient is positioned on a special table under general anaesthesia. This table allows for the body part which is to be examined to be inserted accurate to the millimetre into the so-called “gantry” which contains the x-ray tube and the detector system.
Successive tomographic images of the examined region are created which can subsequently be edited on the computer monitor and thoroughly assessed. The gantry-opening of the tomograph used at Tiermedizin Hochmoor (Picker IQ) has a diameter of app. 70 centimetres.
In a grown horse, this enables examination of the four limbs, the head and the neck to app. the fifth cervical vertebra. In smaller horses or foals, even examination of the entire vertebral column is possible. In small animals, the entire body can be examined using CT.
Owners are thoroughly informed about the impact of the examination and the risks of anaesthesia for the individual patient by the treating veterinarians. For further questions and detailed information, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Examples of cases where computed tomography is useful
Case 1
10-year-old gelding suffering from left fore lameness for the last 4 months. The horse had been kept in the field since the onset of lameness. With the aid of nerve blocks on the affected limb, the cause of the lameness could be located in the digital area. Joint anaesthesia was negative. Radiographs did not reveal any pathological findings. The owner now wanted to come to a final decision whether it was possible to treat the horse successfully or whether the horse was to be given up. CT examination revealed a defect (hole) in the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) in the area of the foot. An injury of this tendon in the area of the cannon bone can be successfully diagnosed using ultrasonography. However, this is not possible in the foot, as the hoof capsule impedes examination. Horses with a tendon injury require a prolonged period of rest. Since the owner is now aware of the cause of the lameness, he can now reckon with a prolonged loss of use of the horse.
Case 2
A dressage horse showed a prolonged left fore lameness over months. Anaesthesia of the distal interphalangeal joint always produced a positive result. Despite three-time treatment of the coffin joint by the referring veterinary surgeon there was only a short-term improvement of the lameness each time. Radiographically, no bony changes were found in the area of the foot. CT examination showed an articular surface defect in the coffin joint which could be surgically treated.